The Method Of Detection Of Dna - 1318 Words

1. Primer Annealing – temperature is lowered so that primers attach to DNA strands 2. Extension – DNA polymerase (e.g. Taq) helps to make new DNA strands. The PCR cycle continues as DNA is copied exponentially. The original PCR methods allowed detection of DNA growth at the end of the process; however the introduction Real Time-PCR (RT-PCR) has allowed DNA amplification progress to be monitored throughout the assay (6). RT-PCR is often confused with reverse-transcriptase PCR (rt-PCR), however rt-PCR is a method of detecting RNA by utilising reverse transcriptase to synthesise cDNA by. cDNA is then amplified and detected by PCR techniques (6). RT-PCR has now advanced so that assays can now screen several viral DNA/RNA at once (Multiplex PCR). The Roche - Cobas TaqScreen MPX Test v2.0 encompasses an rt-PCR stage to allow detection of: †¢ HIV-1 Group M (RNA) †¢ HIV-1 Group O (RNA) †¢ HIV-2 (RNA) †¢ HCV (DNA) †¢ HBV (DNA) (5) MPX PCR uses several gene specific primers (forward and reverse strands) within a reaction mix. Internal controls are present within the testing kit, making the process highly efficient. By combining several tests on one platform, this is a very lean method testing; however there is a small risk of cross-hybridisation due to the volume of different primers used (5,6). An added benefit of using RT-PCR to screen viral targets is that they shorten the detection window period of some viruses. This means, even if a viral marker can be detected serologicallyShow MoreRelatedDevelopment of a Lab-on-a-Chip Device to Detect DNA Double Strand Breaks in Situ793 Words   |  3 PagesProposal Summary We propose to develop a lab-on-a-chip device for the detection of DNA double strand breaks in situ. Current technology requires laborious manipulation of the cell sample by fixation and staining with antibody and an optical-based detection. All in all, the process may take up to several days before results are retrieved. The development of an on-site, immediate monitoring system will greatly benefit our understanding of DNA damage causes and prevention as well assessment of radiation riskRead MoreThe Effects Of Free Mechaning1241 Words   |  5 Pagesradicals and the repair of the resulting DNA damage through the development of methods for accurately creating and identifying DNA damage resulting from free radical reactions. Damage to DNA due to free radical reactions can lead to numerous biological issues both on the molecular level and at the level of the organism’s health, causing issues such as carcinogenesis and cell death. According to Bhattacharjee et al., previously ex isting methods of quantifying DNA damage were restricted to immunologicalRead MoreA summary analysis of the article â€Å"Microarray detection of food-borne pathogens using specific probes prepared by comparative genomics.†1531 Words   |  7 Pagesand other opportunistic pathogens (Prasad Vidyarthi, 2009). Therefore, accurate and timely detection and identification of food-borne pathogens is crucial for the prevention of food-borne epidemics and the timely treatment of patients with such infections. Current methods of detection and characterization of food-borne pathogens continues to rely on conventional culturing methods. These culturing methods include enrichment in non-selective and selective media followed by sub-culturing to differentialRead MoreSources Of Environmental DNA1530 Words   |  7 Pages Environmental DNA (eDNA) is not directly sampled from an organism instead is released from the organism to the environment (https://freshwaterhabitats.org.uk/projects/edna/edna/). Sources of eDNA are divided in intraorganismal eDNA and extraorganismal eDNA, where the former refers to DNA inside a living organism and the latest indicate eDNA not inside a living organism and under influences of the degradation process. More precisely, intraorganismal eDNA describes microbe and small organisms livingRead MoreApple Scar Skin Viroid Case Study1156 Words   |  5 Pagesnon-protein coding, single-stranded, circular RNA pathogen limits the detection based on the immunoassay. In this study, a visible nanobarcoding assay for one-step Reveres transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) was developed to improve the LAMP selectivity and promote its diagnostic use in detecting ASSVd in plants. ASSVd LAMP was accelerated by the use of loop primers and highly sensitive with a det ection limit of 103 copies of ASSVd cDNA per reaction within 30 min. The real-timeRead MoreWritten1014 Words   |  5 Pagesgeneral method in determining the sequence of homologous DNA, it is also used to differentiate order of genes in a haploid set of chromosomes of a particular organism and the size of limitation fragments that contain such sequence. Meaning, it is possible to study the genetic differences between different organisms and individual here on Earth. A nucleic Acid Hybridization analysis uses five laboratory skills the Restriction fragment preparation: where a restriction enzyme is added to a DNA sampleRead MoreCirculation Of Cell-Free Dna Case Study776 Words   |  4 PagesAmong massive methods for diagnosis of cancer, detection of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is distinguished from others by noninvasiveness and satisfactory sensitivity and specificity, potentiating its application in clinic. However, a thorough understanding of cfDNA in pathobiology and clinical use is s till required. This review summarizes previous studies regarding liberation of cfDNA into circulation. Distinctions of cfDNA between cancerous and non-malignant conditions, mainly including abnormally elevatedRead MoreLiterature Reviews On Biosensors And Risk Perpection And Communications1614 Words   |  7 Pagesstudies and provide a work base for this project. Cancer diagnosis is presently undergoing a paradigm shift with the integration of molecular biomarkers as part of a routine diagnostic panel. The molecular shift ranges from those comprising of the DNA, RNA, microRNAs (miRNAs) and proteins. The miRNAs were newly discovered as a small non-coding endogenous single-stranded RNAs that critically controls the development, invasion and metastasis of cancers [13]. MiRNAs are different with cancers; theyRead MoreBiomems Devices Are Manufactured Using Similar Microfabrication Techniques1535 Words   |  7 Pagesbiosensors. It converts surface-based biochemical interactions into mec hanical signals. In particular, when biomolecules immobilized on the cantilever surface undergo intermolecular reactions, such as antibody-antigen interaction [32], hybridization of DNA interaction [33], receptor-ligand [34]; their conformational change causes a change in the surface stress on the cantilever due to reduction decrease in free energy. The deflection of the cantilever induced by the surface stress change provides a directRead MoreNext Generation Sequencing Is The Method Of Determining The Order Of Nucleotides1362 Words   |  6 PagesGENERATION SEQUENCING Introduction DNA sequencing is the method of determining the order of nucleotides in DNA. It includes the method that is used to determine the order of four bases -adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine in DNA. DNA sequencing has greatly accelerated research and discovery in biological and medical field. The first DNA sequence was obtained using two-dimensional chromatography, in the early 1970s by academic researchers which was laborious. Now DNA sequencing has become easier and

The Impossible Quest For The Ideal Society - 1645 Words

Maxx Marian Dr. Simpson HON 171 23 September 2016 The Impossible Quest for the Ideal Society The idea of the ideal society is one that has been debated for centuries. Many theories have been conjured up by intellectuals, all with differing divisions of power, wealth, and labor. Two of these competing theories are those presented in Plato’s The Republic and Aristotle’s Politics. While they both present a wide range of views on many issues, this paper will only focus on two issues that go hand-in-hand: slavery’s role in society, and the divisions of property and power amongst the classes. Aristotle makes a better case for the selection of slaves from inside his society, rather than outside it, and Plato makes a more convincing argument for the public allocation of power and property, as opposed to the individual allocation favored by Aristotle, but neither has arrived at a truly perfect society. One of the largest issues facing any society is that of labor, specifically those tasks that are most undesirable, invol ving lots of physical work. Most societies, at least those before the 19th century, have turned to slavery to solve this problem: if the general population, especially those in the middle and upper classes, would prefer not to engage in such tasks, then it should be delegated to someone who is being forced to perform whatever tasks are assigned, or their basic needs will not be met. Aristotle agrees with these societies in that slaves should perform certain tasks,Show MoreRelatedJustice in Atonement and the Constant Gardener1030 Words   |  5 Pagesachieve it. In essence justice is an ideal, which the majority of individuals universally attempt to realize or uphold, however due to the avarice or agendas, which serve the interests of minorities, this ideal is sometimes subverted. Those performing the miscarriage of justice can become unscrupulous in their methods of maintaining this standard of injustice in efforts of self-preservation. This often results in the suffering of those carrying out their quest for justice. This idea, and the conceptRead MoreJoyces Araby: a Double Focus Essay781 Words   |  4 PagesBoy or Man: the Double Focus On one hand Araby is a story of initiation, of a boys quest for the ideal. Although the quest ends in failure, it results in an inner awareness and the boys first step into manhood. On another hand the story consists of a grown mans remembered experience, for the story is told in retrospect by a man who reflects back to a particular moment of intense meaning and insight. James Joyces fascinating double focus: the boys first experience, and the mans reflectionRead MoreRomanticism in Frankenstein by Mary Shelley649 Words   |  3 PagesRomanticism in Frankenstein Romanticism was a movement that swept over all of Europe; it affected all areas of life and society, not only just literatruture. At its base was a belief in the rights of man and this impetus led to two enormously important resolutions: the American Revolution and the French Resolution. Romanticism does not only mean romantic love, it is a literary term characterized by elements. Some elements of romanticism are growth of industrialization, mingling of races, frontierRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight1498 Words   |  6 PagesGreen Knight, is an honorable knight who abides by the code of chivalry and the pentangle on his shield representing his values. He is on a quest to live up to the challenge he accepted in place of his lord, while maintaining his chivalrous ideals. Jay Gatsby, the main character in Fitzgerald’s classic The Great Gatsby, is a self-centered bootlegger on a quest to relive the past and win back the love of Daisy Buchanan by all means possible. Althou gh they are both determined to reach their respectiveRead MoreMark Edmundson Anti-Idealism1451 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Polemical Introduction† to his novel, Self and Soul, he analyzes how the modern world has lost the ideals held by the ancient world, such as the heroic ideal, the religious ideal, and the ideal of contemplation. Edmundson cites the loss of these ideals through modern writers, such as Shakespeare and Freud. Edmundson specifically calls Freud a â€Å"relentless enemy of the warrior ideal, the religious ideal, and the ideal of transcendent philosophy.† The truth in Edmundson’s analysis of Freud’s anti-idealist viewRead MoreMany Of The Main Ideas Behind The Literary Movement Of1603 Words   |  7 Pagessimultaneously contests this particular romantic ideal. The moment which Shelley describes in Frankenstein is neither a moment recalled from her personal experience, such as a contemplative moment in nature, nor is the narrative voice her own, yet she is still portraying a particular quest to achieve the sublime. That quest, of course, is Victor Frankenstein’s effort to create a living being out of raw material in his laboratory. It is particularly curious that this quest occurs within the confines of Victor’sRead MoreBeauty Is A Beauty And Beautiful Thing1251 Words   |  6 Pagesprepubescent body type as discussed before. The slim shape and complete lack of fat is practically impossible to achieve later in life, especially in a healthy fashion. Coward also discusses the implications of this valuation, saying â€Å"...this sexual ideal is an image which connotes powerlessness...The cultural ideal amounts to a taboo on the sexually mature woman† (346). This is a frightening detail in our quest for beauty. The sexualization of young girls has grown in recent years, with sexy clothingRead MoreThe American Dream, the Global Nightmare Essay1415 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Dream, in which every one strives to become part of the ideal, the obsession, that supposedly defines how happiness can be obtained. But happiness is not, contrary to the beliefs of the American Dreamers, measured on a checklist including 2.5 kids, 1 dog, 1 cat, quaint house in suburbs, white picket fence, 2 car garage, freshly mowed lawn, etc. That image is a facade over the ever-crumbling ashheaps of our world. It is impossible to measure ones life or happiness on a scale of coffee spoonsRead MoreApathy And Its Impact On Society850 Words   |  4 Pagesnegative impact on society. The answer depends, in part at least, on one’s view of human nature. In ancient Athens, Aristotle declared that ‘man is a political animal’, meaning by this that a full human existence demanded active participation in the public life of the agora. Apathy in this respect would mean being condemned to a subhuman existence. For Christian thinkers of the Medieval Age, by contrast, the highest good is outside politics, being the purely personal quest for religious salvationRead MoreFreire s Theory Of The Oppressed And The Oppressor Collins, Brooks, And Kidd1628 Words   |  7 PagesAs society continues to evolve people maintain their quest to accept full humanity, in this process individuals question not only who their authentic self is, but what is keeping them from accepting that version of themselves. A question which Freire addresses in his Pedagogy of the Oppressed as he emphasizes how liberation transcends time, and atmosphere. Instead he chooses to illustrate a process which is embodied by acceptance of the oppressor, activism, fellowship, solidarity, and reflection

In the Lake of the Woods Free Essays

In the novel In the Lake of the Woods, O’Brien channels between his life in the present at the lake with his wife, and his life in the past, recalling memories from the war in Vietnam. The novel begins with a preview into the love life and marriage of John and Kathy Wade. While the novel progresses, their relationship begins to deteriorate and as the narrator jumps from his past to his present, the impact of his time in Vietnam becomes more apparent as a primary factor in the failure of their marriage. We will write a custom essay sample on In the Lake of the Woods or any similar topic only for you Order Now Throughout the book there are sections of hypotheses and evidence that observe a mixture of fiction and non fiction documents. Some are simply historical facts about the condition of soldiers after Vietnam, particularly the My Lai massacre, while others are fabricated interviews and statements from the characters in the story examining the strange behavior of John Wade himself. The way the chapters are arranged in a scattered format attest to how the jaded past of John Wade sporadically emerged into his life with his wife, the election, and his sanity. Like many stories, the novel is not presented in chronological order. Even as the narrator jumps from past to present to evidence to hypotheses, the sections are not always continuous individually. O’Brien utilizes this method because the story was not written to develop the life of John Wade, but rather to examine it as it relates to the past that he tried to conceal from the election and his wife. Each piece of evidence serves to further expand the elements that tainted John Wade and provide possibilities to the case of his missing wife. The hypotheses are an explanation of the story that also maintains the mystery in the novel because they never provide a concise ending. In the beginning, these chapters are confusing, but they help the reader see the main plot in greater depth. The significance of the events is more indicative than the order of the events. John Wade’s involvement in Vietnam is most associated with the My Lai massacre, an event where numerous American soldiers violently slaughtered innocent men, women, and children at a small village called Pinkville. It is a tragedy that has forever shamed America and especially the soldiers that contributed to the horrific event. John Wade is not introduced as a collaborator in the My Lai massacre until the middle of the novel. Although this is a crucial part of the story, if John Wade had been broadcasted as a participating factor in the massacre, the point of the novel would be lost. The reader would continue to hold a bias towards John Wade and therefore disregard any sort of empathy for his difficult situations. Since, however, the reader finds out he did contribute to the My Lai massacre later in the novel, an opinion and understanding of John Wade is already present, which helps provide some justification and sympathy for the narrator. O’Brien, a Vietnam veteran himself, employed this deferment of information to the reader because many see the My Lai massacre as a black and white atrocity, without ever considering the feelings and frustrations of the American soldiers themselves in fighting an â€Å"invisible enemy†. The structure of the novel is not only used to gradually inform the reader of the damaged mind of John Wade, but also to emphasize the difficulty of dealing with his experiences. As the narrator begins to distrust his own senses and memories, the reader knows less of what is fact and what is speculation. The evidence provides a look into the lives of people that dealt with John Wade and people or events that relate to his condition, including post traumatic stress excerpts and political figures’ approach to loss. The narrator combines his memories with these relatable findings that results in a union of fallacy and actuality as John Wade slowly slips into insanity. The issues that John Wade and his loved ones endure dealing with incorporating a guilt ridden event with his near perfect present life represents the hardship many Vietnam soldiers, including O’Brien, had to face when trying to live their lives normally again. The novel is a testament to the trifles of Vietnam veterans, not only during the war, but after; O’Brien writes about the character’s fragmented mind and life as it relates to every damaged soldier. The structure of the novel lends itself to comprehension and the revelation of John Wade. The rather intermittent sequence of events helps the reader increasingly comprehend the nature of dismantled soldiers and how the attempt to erase John Wade’s past ended in the destruction of his future. It also symbolizes the disorderly fashion that John Wade’s past interrupts his present life. The structure is perfectly suited to the subject matter. How to cite In the Lake of the Woods, Papers

Development of a Strategic Negotiation Plan free essay sample

Highlander gives you uncommon comfort and unparalleled smoothness in an unmistakable form. Its designed for those drivers who crave the versatility and space of an SUV, but arent willing to sacrifice a refined, comfortable ride. With exceptionally smooth handling, clean, unique styling and a spacious interior, Highlander is the civilized ride youve been looking for. (Toyota Internet Website and Highlander brochure). After months of investigating, Michelle knew that this was the vehicle she wanted. Sifting through piles of Car and Driver, Auto Week, and Consumer Reports magazines, visiting websites for Acura, Subaru, BMW, and Honda brands among others, convinced her hat this was the vehicle for her. Now the question was how to get the best deal from one of the local Toyota dealerships in the Louisville metropolitan area. Located in the city were Toyota of Louisville and Oxmoor Toyota. Just across the river in Southern Indiana was Green Tree Toyota. We will write a custom essay sample on Development of a Strategic Negotiation Plan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Because of negative comments and stories she had heard about Oxmoor Toyota, Michelle decided to limit her dealership choice to either Toyota of Louisville or Green Tree Toyota. An unexpected twist in Michelles deliberations came when one of her colleagues at work, Ashley Lacey, dropped by her ffice one day and told ner that sne and ner husband Robert were also looking tor a new sport utility vehicle for their family, which included their nine year-old daughter Alex and one good size Labrador retriever. After talking for a while concerning what Michelle had discovered in her research, and about a week after she loaned Ashley all of the information she had collected on various models, Ashley came back and told her that she and Robert were convinced the Highlander was the vehicle that was right for them. Further discussions between the two parties discovered that with the xception of the choice of exterior color, they both wanted virtually identical models and accessories. Both Michelle and the Lacey family wanted the 6-cylinder, four wheel drive model, with a significant number of options. In Michelles case she would be able to purchase the vehicle outright, trading in her low mileage 1992 Honda Accord LX. The Laceys however, they would be keeping their current car and financing the purchase beyond a $5,000 down payment. Both Ms. Tipton and the Laceys knew that if they went to the dealerships together with the intent of buying wo vehicles as a package deal, it would be a different, or at least unusual, situation that the salespeople didnt see too often. They hoped that it would allow them to get a better overall price. Through various online sources, Michelle has been able to find not only the Manufacturers Suggested Retail Price (MSRP), which typically served as the high end or full price benchmark but also wholesale prices. These wholesale prices represent the amount the car dealership paid for the vehicle, excluding any givebacks or other incentives provided by the manufacturer. Michelles further nvestigation indicated that there were no other incentives provided to the dealerships for sales of the Highlander model. As she sat at the kitchen table with the Laceys and with the financial information spread out before them, they knew they had a number of decisions to make and questions to answer in putting together their negotiation plan before they approached the dealerships. 1 . What is the Negotiation strategy best used by Michelle and Lacey? Based on the case, the goal of the buyers is to get the best deal with the best price. Miss Michelle is looking forward o buy the Highlander model at a discounted price, but she is aware based on the Manufacturers Suggested Retail Price (MSRP) shows the price the car dealership have paid for the car and that the car dealership have not received any incentives for this car. Based on the Dual Concern Model, the best position for Miss Michelle and Laceys negotiation would be Competitive strategy. Competitive strategy is basically a distributive bargaining, Distributive bargaining tactics aim for a large slice of a fixed pie of value, increasing ones own payoff at the cost of the counterparts payoff Amanatullah, Morris, Curhan, 2008). As in this case the dealer has to give in to accommodate Miss Michelles goals for a special or discounted price. In the purely distributive case, the interests of the parties are negatively correlated, with an increase in the utility of one partys outcome associated with a correspondent decrease in the utility of the other partys outcome (Walton McKersie, 1965). Based on this competitive strategy the negotiation will be l win you lose basis. There will be a clear conflict of interest between the parties involved. A classic example is a haggle over the purchase price of a single item, such as a used car, where the seller seeks the highest price possible and the buyer hopes to pay as little as possible. (Barry Friedman, 1998) The buyers will be forced to use external factors such as, Car dealers image and competitor tactor. In this type ot situation, each negotiator presumably has in mind a reservation price (also known as a resistance point or a bottom line) beyond which he or she will not go in reaching an agreement (Raiffa, 1982) 2. Explain the negotiation process 1. Preparation: Miss Michelle has collected detailed information including the MRCP to have a clear picture on the pricing and incentives received by the car dealer. Through discussing Miss Michelle and Lacey are also well aware of their financial situation and clear on the steps they are planning to take during the course of the business. . Relationship building Miss Michelle and Lacey would have to make a warm up meeting with the chosen dealer; they may have a look around and test driving to build repo to provide the sense of commitment and interest to the dealer. This would create interest and erious negotiating atmosphere for the serious matter to take place. 3. Information gathering Even though well aware of the financial and business situation of both sides, the buyers may allow the dealer to explain to them of price offered and the details. To be updated of any changes or latest deal the seller could offer. This information gathering session could be used by the buyer to express their interest through mild body language such as nodding or otherwise. 4. Information using Based on the information gathered from the preparation and also the information athering, Miss Michelle and Miss Yale could begin their discussion and bargaining with the dealer to offer a better or cheaper price. This would create initial conflict as the dealer is facing a losing situation. 5. Biding Biding is the most critical stage of any negotiations. Heated arguments may arise; Miss Michelle and Miss Yale have to take control of the situation as they are in the upper hand of the situation. In negotiation, a first offer can serve as an anchor that biases the other partys Judgments of the underlying economic structure of the argaining encounter.