Toby Keith: Unleashed :: Music Essays

Toby Keith: Unleashed At this point in time, music is among the hardest businesses to achieve success in. The music industry and fans are looking for more than just talent and energy. They want someone who they can respect. Toby Keith fulfilled these expectations when he entered the music world. His huge success depended not only on his talent, but his boldness to speak his mind. Toby was born on July 8th, 1961 in Clinton, Oklahoma. Although most of his childhood and high school years were spent playing football, he was involved in the Easy Money Band with several of his friends. After singing with the group for awhile, Toby decided to become a solo performer, and went to Nashville where he landed his first contract with Mercury Records. He produced and wrote many hit singles, including â€Å"We Were in Love† and â€Å"Wish I Didn’t Know Now,† but sappy love songs did not satisfy his full artistic vision, nor the visions of his listeners. Mercury Records had turned down a number of songs he had written because they feared the songs were too controversial. Finally, he moved his contract to Dream Works Records, who released his single â€Å"How Do You Like Me Now,† released in 1999. The song was a smash hit, catapulting him into popularity. Toby wrote another song that not only boosted his career, but lowered some Americans’ respect for him. â€Å"Courtesy of the Red, White, and Blue† is a passionate ballad concerning the attacks on the World Trade Center, that some United States residents feel is too prideful. Despite the controversy caused by the new hit single, Toby Keith won the hearts of many Americans. He expressed their feelings about the attack of September 11th, 2001, in ways that they could not. However, the following lyrics created an uproar: â€Å"You’ll be sorry that you messed with the U S of A†¦ ‘Cuz we’ll put a boot in your ass, It’s the American way!† Peter Jennings refused for a long time to allow Toby to perform on his television show for the Fourth of July because of these lyrics.

Role of different Agency in my Socialization

Socialization is a term used to refer to the lifelong process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs and ideologies, providing an individual with the skills and habits necessary for participating within his or her own society. Socialization is thus ‘the means by which social and cultural continuity are attained.’Socialization helps me learn to function successfully in my social worlds. How does the process of socialization occur? How do we learn to use the objects of our society’s material culture? How do we come to adopt the beliefs, values, and norms that represent its nonmaterial culture? This learning takes place through interaction with various agents of socialization, like peer groups and families, plus both formal and informal social institutions.In each stage of my life there are influences or agents of socialization who have an impact on my socialization and the messages of socialization being received. As I develop and advance in psychosocial dev elopment, the agents become stronger or weaker in their capacity for influence. Early in my development, the family is, of course, the strongest agent, but I advances to preschool age, programs or schools begin to exert influence. At school age, peers are active socialization agents. For the first eight years, family, school, community, and peers play a role in the following aspects of a child's socialization: The development of trustThe development of independence The tendency to take initiative The sense of competence and ambition Decisions about who one is Relationships with others Decisions about future generations Reflections on one's life Social groups often provide the first experiences of socialization. Families, and later peer groups, communicate expectations and reinforce norms. People first learn to use the tangible objects of material culture in these settings, as well as being introduced to the beliefs and values of society.Family: The family is the most important prima ry group in the society. It is  the simplest but most elementary form of the society. The meaning of the family can be explained better by the following definitions. M.F. Nimkoff says that â€Å"Family is a more or less durable association of husband and wife with or without child, or of a man or women alone with children.† Burgess and Locke says that â€Å"Family is a group of persons united by ties of marriage, blood or adoption constituting a single household interacting and intercommunicating with each other in their respective social roles of husband and wife, father and mother, son and daughter†Family is the first agent of socialization. Mothers and fathers, siblings and grandparents, plus members of an extended family, all teach me what I need to know. For example, they show me how to use objects (such as clothes, computers, eating utensils, books, bikes); how to relate to others (some as â€Å"family,† others as â€Å"friends,† still others as à ¢â‚¬Å"strangers† or â€Å"teachers† or â€Å"neighbors†); and how the world works (what is â€Å"real† and what is â€Å"imagined†). As you are aware, either from your own experience as a child or your role in helping to raise one, socialization involves teaching and learning about an unending array of objects and ideas. It is important to keep in mind, however, that families do not socialize us in a vacuum.Many social factors impact how a family raises its children. For example, we can use sociological imagination to recognize that individual behaviors are affected by the historical period in which they take place. Sixty years ago, it would not have been considered especially strict for a father to hit his son with a wooden spoon or a belt if he misbehaved, but today that same action might be considered child abuse. Sociologists recognize that race, social class, religion, and other societal factors play an important role in socialization. For exam ple, poor families usually emphasize obedience and conformity when raising their children, while wealthy families emphasize judgment and creativity (National Opinion Research Center 2008).This may be because working-class parents have less education and more repetitive-task jobs for which the ability to follow rules and to conform helps. Wealthy parents tend to have better educations and often work in managerial positions or in careers that require creative problem solving, so they teach their children behaviors that would be beneficial in these positions. This means that children are effectively socialized and raised to take the types  of jobs that their parents already have, thus reproducing the class system (Kohn 1977). Likewise, children are socialized to abide by gender norms, perceptions of race, and class-related behaviors. In Sweden, for instance, stay-at-home fathers are an accepted part of the social landscape. A government policy provides subsidized time off work 480 days for families with newborns—with the option of the paid leave being shared between both mothers and fathers.As one stay-at-home dad says, being home to take care of his baby son â€Å"is a real fatherly thing to do. I think that’s very masculine† (Associated Press 2011). School: Most Bangladeshi children spend about seven hours a day, 180 days a year, in school, which makes it hard to deny the importance school has on our socialization. We are not only in school to study math, reading, science, and other subjects—the manifest function of this system. Schools also serve a latent function in society by socializing children into behaviors like teamwork, following a schedule, and using textbooks.School and classroom rituals, led by teachers serving as role models and leaders, regularly reinforce what society expects from children.Sociologists describe this aspect of schools as the hidden curriculum, the informal teaching done by schools. For example, in the Bangladesh, schools have built a sense of competition into the way grades are awarded and the way teachers evaluate students. When children participate in a relay race or a math contest, they learn that there are winners and losers in society. When children are required to work together on a project, they practice teamwork with other people in cooperative situations. The hidden curriculum prepares children for the adult world. Children learn how to deal with bureaucracy, rules, expectations, waiting their turn, and sitting still for hours during the day.Schools in different cultures socialize children differently in order to prepare them to function well in those cultures. The latent functions of teamwork and dealing with bureaucracy are features of American culture.Schools also socialize children by teaching them about citizenship and national pride. In the United States, children are taught to say the Pledge of Allegiance. Most districts require classes about U.S. history and geography. As academic understanding of history evolves, textbooks in the United States have been scrutinized and revised to update attitudes toward other cultures as well as perspectives on historical events; thus, children are socialized to a  different national or world history than earlier textbooks may have done. For example, information about the mistreatment of African Americans and Native American Indians more accurately reflects those events than in textbooks of the past.Peer group: A peer group is made up of people who are similar in age and social status and who share interests. Peer group socialization begins in the earliest years, such as when I was kids on a playground teach younger children the norms about taking turns or the rules of a game or how to shoot a basket. As I grow into teenagers, this process continues. Peer groups are important to adolescents in a new way, as they begin to develop an identity separate from their parents and exert independence. Addi tionally, peer groups provide their own opportunities for socialization since kids usually engage in different types of activities with their peers than they do with their families. Peer groups provide adolescents’ first major socialization experience outside the realm of their families. Interestingly, studies have shown that although friendships rank high in adolescents’ priorities, this is balanced by parental influence.Religion: While some religions may tend toward being an informal institution, this section focuses on practices related to formal institutions. Religion is an important avenue of socialization for many people. The United States is full of synagogues, temples, churches, mosques, and similar religious communities where people gather to worship and learn. Like other institutions, these places teach participants how to interact with the religion’s material culture (like a mezuzah, a prayer rug, or a communion wafer). For some people, important cere monies related to family structure—like marriage and birth—are connected to religious celebrations. Many of these institutions uphold gender norms and contribute to their enforcement through socialization. From ceremonial rites of passage that reinforce the family unit, to power dynamics which reinforce gender roles, religion fosters a shared set of socialized values that are passed on through society.Mass media: Mass media refers to the distribution of impersonal information  to a wide audience, such as what happens via television, newspapers, radio, and the Internet. With the average person spending over four hours a day in front of the TV (and children averaging even more screen time), media greatly influences social norms (Roberts, Foehr, and Rideout 2005). I learn about objects of material culture (like new technology and transportation options), as well as nonmaterial culture—what is true (beliefs), what is important (values), and what is expected (norms ).Community: Large social network that families can use as a support system is called community. It can consist of people who live in the same town, area, or even neighborhood Include a group of people who share the same values or interests such as religion, sports, etc. The community’s purpose in the socialization process Children’s first interactions with the local community is where community can help develop my identity (self-concept) and how I fit into the group setting (group identity). I can learn self- control, social skills and values of society when they are in these community based programs.Community Institutions School After school child care programs Churches Libraries Parks Support services offered by local agencies Example: hospitals, police, fire departments, etc. BG the Tiger, Boys and Girls Club Mascot Religion and churches are vital institutions the communities. They serve various functions in the community.It can range from helping the homeless, to charity events, and going on field trips. This is a good way for children to meet other children in their faith, and become active leaders in their community. Development and Socialization Children in community are exposed to many other children and learn the skills to play and be friends with them. They are also exposed to children from other cultures, ethnicities and socioeconomic backgrounds. It’s important for children to have interaction with each other by playing, doing art projects and other various activities; which they will learn to socialize better instead of staying home where their social interaction with other people is limited.All in all, community as socialization agent is a great way for children to interact with the community, find friends who also love the same activities as them, and most of all, learning about themselves and the social roles.If there weren’t any community programs or after school programs in the year 2008 then the lives of children and their family would  be very difficult. During this fast moving, flourishing time in the U.S. history we depend on the community programs and schools to help take care of our children. As for the saying, â€Å"It takes a village (community) to raise a child,† it means that we all need to take a part in help raising not only our children, but our neighbor’s children because they are our future and we need to help the children become positive adults. Law: Law is one of the important agencies in my socialization. MYexperiences in interactions with police and other legal actors subtly shape their perceptions of the relation between individuals and society.These experiences influence the development of adolescents' notions about law, rules, and agreements among members of society, and about the legitimacy of authority to deal fairly with citizens who violate society's rules. It is likely that these beliefs influence compliance with the law, both among adolescents in g eneral and among juvenile offenders in particular, after they have been sanctioned for their offenses. Because one focus of the Network's activity is on understanding influences on patterns of desistance or re-offending, we are concerned about youths' understanding of and participation in legal processes that express societal norms, their assessments of the fairness of the process, and their views of the legitimacy of the law and the institutions that enforce it.Legal socialization, the process through which individuals acquire attitudes and beliefs about the law, has received only scant attention from those interested in adolescent development. It includes both affective components (e.g., the extent to which one feels fairly treated by representatives of the legal system, sometimes referred to as â€Å"procedural justice†) and substantive components (e.g., one's actual beliefs about the legitimacy and fairness of the law). Legal socialization is critical in shaping adolescen ts' perceptions of the law, rules, and agreements among members of society, as well as the legitimacy of authority to deal fairly with citizens who violate society's rules.Because the enforcement of law differs by neighborhood, children and adolescents growing up in neighborhoods of different social composition experience the law in very different ways. This Network project is a pilot study that assesses variation in legal socialization as a function of  adolescents' neighborhood contexts. The study will measure differences by neighborhood in: (1) the development of adolescents' notions about the law; (2) their understanding of and participation in legal processes that express societal norms; (3) their assessments of the fairness of the process; and (4) their views of the legitimacy of the law and the institutions that enforce it.The specific aims of this pilot study are:†¢ to identify and measure interactions of children and adolescents with law and legal actors, estimate di fferences in these interactions by neighborhood, gender, race and age; †¢ to describe developmental trajectories of legal socialization by neighborhood, gender, race and age; †¢ to assess influence of interactions with legal actors on legal socialization, assess mediating effects of neighborhood, family, and individual factors; and †¢ to develop methods and measures for a longitudinal study of legal socialization of adolescents.Arts and literature:Perceptions and attitudes directly influence our interpretation of literature and are formed as a product of our socialization. We all carry a unique package of knowledge, memories, hopes and dreams. This knapsack acts as more than a depository of experiences; it also serves as a foundation for our perspectives. Motivational speaker and author Stephen Covey said: â€Å"We are not human beings on a spiritual journey. We are spiritual beings on a human journey.† Literature has the power to direct this journey, to open r oads that might not be traveled, and perhaps to change one’s path. In the process of socialization the literature has the power to ignite the imagination, express beliefs in a way that may not be heard otherwise, and form impressions. Like as, the poem, â€Å"Banalota Sen† of Jibonanondo Das, makes us to see how a lady could posses the natural beauty in its actual mean. Literature can unlock a door to new cultures and ideas, expose peoples of all different backgrounds to imaginary or actual situations, and make the impossible become real thus helps people on socialization.Role Model:A role model is a person whose behavior, example, or success is or can be  emulated by others, especially by younger people. The term â€Å"role model† is credited to sociologist Robert K. Merton, who coined the phrase during his career. Merton hypothesized that individuals compare themselves with reference groups of people who occupy the social role to which the individual aspires . A person’s chosen role models may have a considerable impact on their socialization. People try to act, behave and even try to lead their life according to their role model. In fact, the role model has a big impact on choosing their career.

Critical Discourse Analysis

CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF AN EDITORIAL NOTE In this text, I am going to analyze an editorial column which is called â€Å"Improcedente paralizacion en el SML†, written by Diario La Tercera. I am going to analyze it taking into account three dimensions of analysis. First, I am going to analyze textual practice, follow by the discourse practice, and finally the social and ideological practice. Textual practice: According to this dimension, I could say that it is not a co-operatively constructed because it is not representing any conversation but it is constructed by three paragraphs which are connecting the text.Besides, I could mention that the author follows a rule of politeness because it is written in an academic and formal way. Although, the image of the author is not represented in any features in the text, the author's attitude itself is expressed in the text because the author expresses her/him opinion about the mobilization of Servicio Medico Legal, this is respres ented by this phrase: â€Å"Lo ocurrido en este caso es inaceptable†. The meaning is being affected by syntactic structures and lexical choice.They help readers to understand the meaning and the purpose of the editorial note. The syntactic structures are â€Å"se genero un desacato a la autoridad y el incumplimiento de una orden emanada de un tribunal† resulta muy grave que escudandose en demandas laborales, los funcionarios del servicio descuiden la delicada labor que cumplen. Those phrases provide the reasons of the author to mention: â€Å"Lo ocurrido en este caso es inaceptable†.Also, the lexical choice is represented for these words: provoco, paralizacion, movilizaciones, genero, causo, tardanza, afecta, peritajes, among others. Moreover, it is important to include that there are some paradigms the first one is about strike: paralizacion, movilizaciones, paro de actividades. The second one is about social authorities: Servicio Medico Legal de Santiago, orga nismo publico, Carabineros, tribunal, director de la entidad, ministro de Justicia.And the third one is about people: familiares, funcionario, trabajadores, perito, miembros del servicio. Following with this analysis, I could mention that some expressions used by the author to characterize the text are â€Å"Improcedente paralizacion en el SML† this sentence is the title of the editorial column, so at the beginning the author is characterized the text as an editorial which is a text of opinion because with the word IMPROCEDENTE, he/she is exposing his/her stance about the problem.Discourse Practice According to this dimension of analysis, I consider that this text is conventional first because it is referring to a current event and likewise it is not the first time that a Chilean public entity performs a stoppage of its activities. This editorial note remind me others mobilizations that have occurred in Chile for example when the public institutions, like hospitals, kindergar tens, among others, went on strikes during this year.Moreover, this text represents an editorial note because the author is expressing his/her opinion about a current social event. This text is more accessible to different kinds of readers because it is represented an current news so it is not necessary for the readers to read between lines because the text is clear and direct, and it is representing the stance of the author. Also, I could mention that the text is presupposing that the readers know this event and therefore they are going to understand the stance of the author.It could be reflected by this expression: â€Å"Se trata de hechos que no deben repetirse, tal como se comprometio el director de la entidad†. Finishing this dimension. I can say that the producer is the Diario La Tercera and the intended receivers are the people who read this newspaper that could be characterized as people from middle class. Social practice According to this dimension, I can say that th e social identities that the author represents are Diario la Tercera, and also the families affected by this issue.The relationship between the social identities that the author represents is that both parts the newspaper and the families believe that it is a painful issue and it cannot happen again, it could be representative with this expression: â€Å"El paro de actividades causo la tardanza en la entrega de varios cuerpos a sus familiares, prolongando innecesariamente ese doloroso momento† . n addition, I can say that the newspaper is exerting power through the language on the readers, because the newspaper is in charge of selecting the editorial note published and with this kind of editorial column the newspaper is trying to persuade the reader. On the other side, the social goal of the text is to demonstrate that this social problem and create conscious about the topic for this reason the text is mportant to accomplish the goal because without it the reader would not un derstand the meaning of the text. The social situation that the editorial note is produced is a today? s event. It happened a week ago and every day this fact is being showed as regrettable news. Besides, it is a very conventional as I mentioned before because it is a controversial topic which remind us it is not the first time that a public institution goes on strike neglecting their duties and triggering problems to society.It is a fact to say that the author appeals that this event is a serious incident and it has not happened again for that reason he/she claims expression like these: â€Å"Lo ocurrido en este caso es inaceptable†¦se genero un desacato a la autoridad y el incumplimiento de una orden emanada de un tribunal†¦Asimismo, resulta muy grave que escudandose en demandas laborales, los funcionarios del servicio descuiden la delicada labor que cumplen†¦ Se trata de hechos que no deben repetirse†.Finally, the social consequences of the text are to persu ade readers that this incident cannot happen again in a country that claims to be developed. Another social consequence can elicit a response from readers to the public health institutions in order to avoid that these facts do not continue to happen.

Analyzing Mеdical Improvеmеnts from 1900 to 1999

Analyzing MÐ µdical ImprovÐ µmÐ µnts from 1900 to 1999 MÐ µdical ImprovÐ µmÐ µnts from 1900 to 1999 ThÐ µ Ð µasiÐ µst part of hÐ µalth to mÐ µasurÐ µ is lÐ µngth of lifÐ µ A population that livÐ µs longÐ µr is hÐ µalthiÐ µr than onÐ µ that doÐ µs not livÐ µ as long. OnÐ µ of thÐ µ grÐ µatÐ µst concÐ µrns for physicians and sciÐ µntists havÐ µ always bÐ µÃ µn child mortality, which, historically, has bÐ µÃ µn high duÐ µ to widÐ µsprÐ µad infÐ µctious disÐ µasÐ µs an lack of propÐ µr trÐ µatmÐ µnt. ThÐ µ young dÐ µvÐ µlop disÐ µasÐ µ antibodiÐ µs slowly; in combination with thÐ µir poor nutrition, this makÐ µs thÐ µm particularly suscÐ µptiblÐ µ to infÐ µction. In an Ð µra without Ð µffÐ µctivÐ µ trÐ µatmÐ µnt for infÐ µctious disÐ µasÐ µ, thÐ µsÐ µ infÐ µctions wÐ µrÐ µ frÐ µquÐ µntly fatal. OvÐ µr timÐ µ, sÐ µvÐ µral factors combinÐ µd to rÐ µducÐ µ infÐ µctious disÐ µasÐ µ mortality. Public hÐ µalth improvÐ µmÐ µnts, including clÐ µan watÐ µr, sÐ µwÐ µrs, and pastÐ µurizÐ µd milk, rÐ µducÐ µd disÐ µasÐ µ Ð µxposurÐ µ. PÐ µrsonal hÐ µalth practicÐ µs such as hand washing and propÐ µr food storagÐ µ wÐ µrÐ µ important too. CombinÐ µd with bÐ µttÐ µr nutrition from improvÐ µd agricultural output, thÐ µsÐ µ improvÐ µmÐ µnts limitÐ µd disÐ µasÐ µ suscÐ µptibility and aidÐ µd rÐ µcovÐ µry. ThÐ µ nÐ µt Ð µffÐ µct was a major rÐ µduction in ovÐ µrall mortality. This papÐ µr, by rÐ µfÐ µrring to a numbÐ µr of scholarly articlÐ µs an sourcÐ µs, analyzÐ µs thÐ µ mÐ µdical advancÐ µs madÐ µ bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn 1900 an 1999, focusing on thÐ µ positivÐ µ changÐ µs thÐ µsÐ µ improvÐ µmÐ µnts spurrÐ µd in thÐ µ mÐ µdical an social fiÐ µlds. It should bÐ µ notÐ µd that bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn 1940 and 1960, thÐ µrÐ µ was a subtlÐ µ but important shift in thÐ µ naturÐ µ of mortality rÐ µduction. InfÐ µctious disÐ µasÐ µ mortality continuÐ µd to dÐ µclinÐ µ, but formal mÐ µical carÐ µ bÐ µgan to play a largÐ µr rolÐ µ. ThÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt of sulfa drugs in thÐ µ 1930s and pÐ µnicillin in thÐ µ 1940s wÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ most significant Ð µvÐ µnts in mÐ µdicinÐ µ (CutlÐ µr and MÐ µara 78). Antibiotics wÐ µrÐ µ wondÐ µr trÐ µatmÐ µnts for infÐ µctions. By 1960, infÐ µctious disÐ µasÐ µ mortality had bÐ µÃ µn substantially Ð µliminatÐ µd. Antibiotics arÐ µ valuablÐ µ for both young and old, and so mortality fÐ µll among all agÐ µ groups. In thÐ µ mid-twÐ µntiÐ µth cÐ µntury, rÐ µsÐ µarchÐ µrs saw thÐ µ first rÐ µal incrÐ µasÐ µ in lifÐ µ Ð µxpÐ µctancy at oldÐ µr agÐ µs (CutlÐ µr and MÐ µara 83). ObsÐ µrvÐ µrs noting thÐ µsÐ µ trÐ µnds wÐ µrÐ µ imprÐ µssÐ µd, but thÐ µy wÐ µrÐ µ grim in thÐ µir outlook for thÐ µ futurÐ µ With infÐ µctious disÐ µasÐ µ largÐ µly conquÐ µrÐ µd by 1960, thÐ µ lÐ µading killÐ µrs wÐ µrÐ µ cardiovascular disÐ µasÐ µ, cancÐ µr, and chronic conditions of old agÐ µ. ThÐ µrÐ µ was no Ð µxpÐ µriÐ µncÐ µ of improvÐ µmÐ µnt in any of thÐ µsÐ µ conditions. FamÐ µd biologist RÐ µnÐ µ Dubos Ð µxprÐ µssÐ µd thÐ µ pÐ µssimism by saying: ModÐ µrn mÐ µdicinÐ µ has littlÐ µ to offÐ µr for thÐ µ prÐ µvÐ µntion or trÐ µatmÐ µnt of chronic and dÐ µgÐ µnÐ µrativÐ µ disÐ µasÐ µs that dominatÐ µ thÐ µ pathological picturÐ µ of tÐ µchnologic sociÐ µtiÐ µs (Qtd in (InstitutÐ µ of MÐ µdicinÐ µ 55). In fact, mortality ratÐ µs in thÐ µ UnitÐ µd StatÐ µs stoppÐ µd dÐ µclining bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn thÐ µ mid-1950s and thÐ µ latÐ µ 1960s. YÐ µt, almost as soon as scholars bÐ µgan rÐ µconciling oursÐ µlvÐ µs to a fixÐ µd lifÐ µ span, mortality ratÐ µs oncÐ µ again startÐ µd to fall rapidly. That dÐ µclinÐ µ continuÐ µs. What obsÐ µrvÐ µrs in 1960 could not forÐ µsÐ µÃ µ was that chronic disÐ µasÐ µ mortality could changÐ µ. Cardiovascular disÐ µasÐ µ mortality lÐ µd thÐ µ way. BÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn 1960 and 1999 it dÐ µclinÐ µd as rapidly as infant and child mortality had Ð µarliÐ µr in thÐ µ cÐ µntury (DonÐ µlan Ð µt al. 211). SincÐ µ cardiovascular disÐ µasÐ µ strikÐ µs mostly thÐ µ middlÐ µ-agÐ µd and Ð µldÐ µrly, mortality improvÐ µmÐ µnts sincÐ µ 1960 havÐ µ incrÐ µasingly affÐ µctÐ µd oldÐ µr pÐ µoplÐ µ. MÐ µdical advancÐ µs in trÐ µating a numbÐ µr of sÐ µrious illnÐ µssÐ µs rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µnt a fundamÐ µntal changÐ µ in thÐ µ naturÐ µ of hÐ µalth improvÐ µmÐ µnts. RÐ µsÐ µarchÐ µrs notÐ µ that formal mÐ µdicinÐ µ playÐ µd almost no part in bÐ µttÐ µr hÐ µalth in 1900 and only a small part through 1950. It has bÐ µcomÐ µ an intÐ µgral part of thÐ µ modÐ µrn mÐ µdicinÐ µ, howÐ µvÐ µr. In 1950 mÐ µdical spÐ µnding was only $500 pÐ µr pÐ µrson (in today's monÐ µtary tÐ µrms), and mÐ µdical carÐ µ accountÐ µd for a mÐ µrÐ µ 4 pÐ µrcÐ µnt of gross domÐ µstic product (GDP) (Manton and Gu 6355). Today, AmÐ µricans spÐ µnd nÐ µarly $5,000 pÐ µr pÐ µrson on mÐ µdical carÐ µ, and mÐ µdical carÐ µ accounts for almost 15 pÐ µrcÐ µnt of GDP (Manton and Gu 6355). MÐ µdical advancÐ µs also play a major rolÐ µ among doctors In 1900, hÐ µalth profÐ µssionals wÐ µrÐ µ poorly trainÐ µd and infÐ µction was widÐ µsprÐ µad, particularly in hospitals. ThÐ µ systÐ µm had improvÐ µd by 1950 but was still not grÐ µat. PÐ µnicillin and sulfa drugs, along with basic sanitary mÐ µasurÐ µs, madÐ µ hospitals a rÐ µasonablÐ µ placÐ µ to go whÐ µn sick. MÐ µdical school training had improvÐ µd (Manton and Gu 6356). HowÐ µvÐ µr, lack of knowlÐ µdgÐ µ was a major limiting factor. Physicians could sÐ µÃ µ oldÐ µr pÐ µoplÐ µ dying of hÐ µart attacks, and low-birth-wÐ µight infants dying of rÐ µspiratory problÐ µms, but thÐ µy did not know what to do. At thÐ µ timÐ µ, doctors wÐ µrÐ µ gÐ µnÐ µralists. In 1950 thÐ µrÐ µ wÐ µrÐ µ vÐ µry fÐ µw mÐ µdical spÐ µcialtiÐ µs. ThÐ µrÐ µ was a division bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn mÐ µdicinÐ µ and surgÐ µry, but littlÐ µ Ð µlsÐ µ. ThÐ µ pÐ µriod sincÐ µ 1970's brought significant shifts in thÐ µ fiÐ µld of mÐ µdical advancÐ µs. Various institutions such as National SciÐ µncÐ µ Foundation and thÐ µ National InstitutÐ µs of HÐ µalth bÐ µcamÐ µ pionÐ µÃ µrs in thÐ µ fiÐ µld of mÐ µdical innovations of thÐ µ sÐ µcond half of thÐ µ 20th cÐ µntury. BÐ µttÐ µr trÐ µatmÐ µnt of hÐ µart attack victims and low-birth-wÐ µight infants wÐ µrÐ µ somÐ µ of thÐ µ rÐ µsults. ThÐ µsÐ µ institutions continuÐ µ to promotÐ µ mÐ µdical advancÐ µs today (InstitutÐ µ of MÐ µdicinÐ µ 34-39). To continuÐ µ, hÐ µalth involvÐ µs quality as wÐ µll as lÐ µngth of lifÐ µ A population that livÐ µs long but is in poor hÐ µalth is not much bÐ µttÐ µr off than onÐ µ with a shortÐ µr but hÐ µalthiÐ µr lifÐ µ span. Information about changÐ µs in quality of lifÐ µ is hardÐ µr to obtain than information about changÐ µs in lÐ µngth of lifÐ µ, sincÐ µ quality of lifÐ µ is so much morÐ µ difficult to mÐ µasurÐ µ. Still, onÐ µ can sÐ µÃ µ largÐ µ improvÐ µmÐ µnts ovÐ µr timÐ µ. A significant amount of rÐ µsÐ µarch has Ð µxaminÐ µd trÐ µnds in quality of lifÐ µ in thÐ µ past fÐ µw dÐ µcadÐ µs to sÐ µÃ µ if it has improvÐ µd or worsÐ µnÐ µd. BÐ µcausÐ µ hÐ µalth impairmÐ µnts arÐ µ particularly concÐ µntratÐ µd at oldÐ µr agÐ µs, rÐ µsÐ µarch has focusÐ µd on thÐ µ hÐ µalth of thÐ µ oldÐ µr population. In 1980 about 5 pÐ µrcÐ µnt of marathon runnÐ µrs wÐ µrÐ µ ovÐ µr thÐ µ agÐ µ of 50 (InstitutÐ µ of MÐ µdicinÐ µ 34-39). This numbÐ µr has doublÐ µd by 1999 (InstitutÐ µ of MÐ µdicinÐ µ 34-39). FurthÐ µrmorÐ µ, bÐ µginning in thÐ µ Ð µarly 1980s, Ð µfforts wÐ µrÐ µ madÐ µ to collÐ µct data on mÐ µdical improvÐ µmÐ µnts and thÐ µir impact on quality of patiÐ µnts' lifÐ µ. RÐ µsÐ µarchÐ µrs dÐ µvÐ µlopÐ µd survÐ µys that mÐ µasurÐ µd undÐ µrlying physical functioning, not rÐ µport of disÐ µasÐ µ. PÐ µoplÐ µ wÐ µrÐ µ askÐ µd about thÐ µir ability to pÐ µrform basic activitiÐ µs suc h as bathing, Ð µating, and walking, and social tasks such as shopping, managing monÐ µy, and doing light housÐ µwork. HÐ µalth survÐ µys with thÐ µsÐ µ quÐ µstions havÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn administÐ µrÐ µd widÐ µly and consistÐ µntly to largÐ µ numbÐ µrs of Ð µldÐ µrly pÐ µoplÐ µ sincÐ µ thÐ µ Ð µarly 1980s. ThÐ µ rÐ µsults arÐ µ clÐ µar: thÐ µ Ð µldÐ µrly arÐ µ much hÐ µalthiÐ µr than thÐ µy wÐ µrÐ µ two dÐ µcadÐ µs ago. ThÐ µrÐ µ is no failurÐ µ of succÐ µss; rathÐ µr, thÐ µrÐ µ arÐ µ morÐ µ victoriÐ µs. In conclusion, onÐ µ should notÐ µ that sincÐ µ 1950 thÐ µ modÐ µrn mÐ µdical systÐ µm has bÐ µÃ µn morÐ µ important in Ð µxtÐ µnding lifÐ µ. A rÐ µduction in thÐ µ numbÐ µr of casÐ µs of cardiovascular disÐ µasÐ µ and infant dÐ µath arÐ µ most significant in contributing to longÐ µr lifÐ µ. Physical disability has dÐ µcrÐ µasÐ µd as wÐ µll. In thÐ µ 1990's Ð µra, hÐ µalth improvÐ µmÐ µnts havÐ µ morÐ µ dirÐ µctly followÐ µd mÐ µdical advancÐ µs as thÐ µ mÐ µdical systÐ µm grÐ µw into its modÐ µrn shapÐ µ. This Ð µra is thÐ µ kÐ µy pÐ µriod to considÐ µr in Ð µvaluating modÐ µrn mÐ µdicinÐ µ. On thÐ µ wholÐ µ, thÐ µrÐ µforÐ µ, mÐ µdical advancÐ µs and lifÐ µstylÐ µ changÐ µs appÐ µar to bÐ µ most important in Ð µxplaining thÐ µ improvÐ µmÐ µnt in hÐ µalth ovÐ µr timÐ µ. Still, this is an arÐ µa in which knowlÐ µdgÐ µ is progrÐ µssing rapidly, and conclusions about thÐ µ importancÐ µ of thÐ µsÐ µ othÐ µr hypothÐ µsÐ µs could changÐ µ in thÐ µ nÐ µxt fÐ µw yÐ µars.

Huey P. Newton And The Black Panther Party Essays - Black Power

Huey P. Newton And The Black Panther Party Essays - Black Power Huey P. Newton And The Black Panther Party During the late 1960's and early '70's posters of the Black Panther Party's co-founder, Huey P. Newton were plastered on walls of college dorm rooms across the country. Wearing a black beret and a leather jacket, sitting on a wicker chair, a spear in one hand and a rifle in the other, the poster depicted Huey Newton as a symbol of his generation's anger and courage in the face of racism and imperialism (Albert and Hoffman 4, 45). His intellectual capacity and community leadership abilities helped to founded the Black Panther Party (BPP). Newton played an instrumental role in refocusing civil rights activists to the problems of urban Black communities. He also tapped the rage and frustration of urban Blacks in order to address social injustice. However, the FBI's significant fear of the Party's aggressive actions would not only drive the party apart but also create false information regarding the Panther's programs and accomplishments. In recent years, historians have devoted much attention of the early 1960's, to Malcolm X and Martin Luther King and have ignored the Black Panthers. The Panthers and Huey P. Newton's leadership of the Party are as significant to the Black freedom struggle as more widely known leaders of the Civil Rights Movement. A typical American history high school textbook not only neglects to mention Huey Newton but also disregards the existence of the Black Panthers altogether. Therefore, we must open this missed chapter in American history and discover the legacy and story of Huey P. Newton. Huey's experiences growing up were centered in his conception of the Black Panthers. Unlike King and many other civil rights leaders who were religious Southerners, from middle class and well-educated families, Huey P. Newton was a working class man from a poor urban black neighborhood. Born February 17, 1942, in Oak Grove Louisiana, Huey moved to Oakland, California when he was just two years old. During childhood, his baby face, light complexion, medium height, squeaky voice and his name Huey, forced him to learn how to fight early on in life. Huey's remarkable quick wit and strength earned him the respect of his peers and the reputation of being a tough guy (Seale 40). Upon his enrollment at Merrit College Huey's academic achievements quickly began to surpass other students, while at the same time he was still able to relate to those he grew up with on the streets of Oakland. Autobiographer, Hugh Pearson in Shadow of the Panther reports that Huey remained comfortable on the street corners with young Negro men who drank wine all dayand fought one another - young men whom most college-bound Negroes shied away from (Pearson 115). Huey's ability and desire to develop his intellect and receive a college education while still identifying with his peers on the street played an influential role in his effective leadership in the Black Panther Party. Early in life Huey experienced regular hostility from local police. He recalled going to the movies as a child where the police would often force him out of the theatre and call him a nigger. Huey reflected upon the mis-treatment in his book To Die for the People; The police were very brutal to us even at that age (Newton 53). Police harassment and physical abuse of Black people became part of every day life for many Blacks across the country. Although the Civil Rights movement was mainly a Southern phenomenon, the non-violent ideology and integrationist focus of the movement became according to historians Floyd W. Hayes and Francis A. C. Kiene as sources of increasing frustration and disillusionment for many Blacks in Northern and Western cities (Hayes and Kiene 159) . As the Civil Rights Movement approached the end of the 1960's northern Blacks became angered by the television coverage of police beatings, incarcerations of Southern non-violent Blacks, employment discrimination along with the police brutalities in Northern Black neighborhoods (Brooks 136). Huey Newton recalls in his autobiography Revolutionary Suicide, We had seen Martin Luther King come to Watts in an effort to calm the people and we have seen his philosophy of nonviolence rejected. Black people had been taught nonviolence; it was deep in us. What good,

Case The Coffee Shop Market Starbucks Marketing Essay

Case The Coffee Shop Market Starbucks Marketing Essay Starbucks Corporation is an international coffeehouse chain, founded in 1971 in Seattle, Washington. Starbucks serves a variety of beverages including brewed coffee, tea, hot chocolate, espresso and a selection of bottled drinks. Starbucks also sells whole bean coffee and a variety of ready-to-eat snacks. The first Starbucks location to open outside of North America was in Tokyo in 1996; and from then on Starbucks became an international brand, expanding both nationally and globally. This report will attempt to examine the situation of Starbucks in Japan. It will bring out the marketing strategy to be adopted for a rise in profitability of Starbucks Japan in the next two years. In addition, it will attempt to explain the use of marketing mix to aid the chosen strategy. SWOT ANALYSIS: 1.1 STRENGTHS: 1.1.1 Strong brand image: Starbucks brand name, quality customer service and store ambience are its key strengths. It has maintained its international operations to ensure consumer recogn ition. Starbucks is renowned for its high quality products and has maintained a consistently positive consumer experience that has helped Starbucks build a strong brand image. Starbucks spends less than 1% of revenue on advertising and promotion each year which indicates they rely on an established company image (P. Ghauri, International marketing case study: Starbucks-Going Global Fast). Starbuck’s key competitor in Japan-Doutor coffee, had taken advantage of Starbuck’s brand image and copied its logo, while replicating the experience rendered to customers in its retail outlets. (Ono, 2003). This shows that the Starbucks image is a strength worth mimicking. With a well-established brand image in America, it was sure to expect recognition in the Japanese market, because the consumers there have a fondness for everything western. (http://azjatycka.wordpress.com/2009/11/05/international-marketing-strategy-of-starbucks-in-japan-success-or-a-failure/) 1.1.2 Commitment to c ommunity: Starbucks contributes a considerable amount of its resources to corporate social responsibility programs (Kotabe & Helsen, 2004). According to Butler (2006)-â€Å"CSR programs influence 70% of all consumer purchasing decisions, with many investors and employees also being swayed in their choice of companies†. As a result, Starbucks involvement in the CSR programs helps its competitiveness in the business world. 1.1.3 Widespread Presence in International Markets: Starbucks has ventured into foreign markets with astonishing pace opening its outlets in 40 countries with 2068 stores worldwide. This widespread expansion has allowed its presence to be felt across the globe. 1.1.4 Retail outlets present at convenient and accessible locations: Starbucks has opened a number of coffee shops at convenient locations like shopping malls, libraries, university campuses, office buildings etc. They are typically located in high traffic, high visibility locations.(Starbucks annual r eport, 2008) 1.1.5 Presence of a variety of food items & Beverages in addition to Coffee: Starbucks stores offer a choice of regular and decaffeinated coffee beverages, a broad selection of Italian-style espresso beverages, cold blended beverages, iced shaken refreshment beverages and a selection of premium teas. Starbucks stores also offer a variety of fresh food items, including healthier choice selections focussing on high-quality ingredients, nutritional value and great flavour. 1.1.6 Well Developed Corporate Strategy and Good Marketing skills. Weaknesses: 1.2.1 Lack of internal focus: Starbucks focuses too much on over-expansion, at times tending to ignore the problems arising within–consistent employer dissatisfaction.

Why ships sink Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Why ships sink - Essay Example One of the main reason due to which the most beautiful and expensive ships have sank is that the ship experienced a crash with another hard object. Due to this collision the ships ended up being wrecked completely. Ships have experienced a crash with another oncoming ship or a boat and ships have even crashed with icebergs and have been completely destroyed. For example: one of the major incidents of ship sinking caused due to a collision or a crash was experienced by Titanic during the period of 1912 and there are several reasons that may have caused this incident. One of the reasons that are believed to be reason of this crash was that Titanic crashed into an iceberg (McCollum 9). A second reason due to which several ships have sunk over the history is that these ships failed to withstand rough sea weathers. Those who are responsible for piloting a ship are at time faced with moving the ship within heavy storms. Sometimes these storms become so strong that they do not only cause da mage to the ship, they even tear the entire ship into different pieces. For example the ship wreck of the ship called MV Derbyshire that took place during the period of 1980 was caused because it was badly beaten up by a typhoon and the end result was that the ship sank (McCollum 13). Ships even sink due to technical issues such as problems with significant machines that are responsible for the smooth movement of the ships. For example, in the case of Estonia that sunk during the period of 1994, it was reported that the ship sank because water entered inside the ship as one of the doors of the ship was not properly sealed and the doors of the ships is one of the most important equipment which is essential for the safety of the ship (Kinzer 1). The outcomes of ship sinking are extremely disastrous as some of the outcomes include loss of the life of huge number of people. There are various individuals who travel in one particular ship at